Experience of Low Flow, Closed System and Functional Closed System Anesthesia Using a Function-added Anesthesia Machine.

A closed xenon anesthesia delivery system.

XENON was discovered in 1898 and first used as an anesthetic in 1951. It is more potent than nitrous oxide (N2O) with a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of approximately 71%, and its low blood-gas partition coefficient of 0.14 (recently recalculated as 0.115) results in rapid induction and recovery. Interest in xenon is high because of medical and environmental concerns about N2O; however, ...

Low flow, minimal flow and closed circuit system inhalational anesthesia in modern clinical practice

Low, minimal flow and closed circuit anesthesia has been pursued since the beginning of the history of anesthesia. For many decades this form of anesthesia has been restricted to devoted enthusiasts and those very fond of gas kinetics. For most clinicians, selecting a fresh flow gas higher than 3-5 L/min was widely accepted as a routine anesthesia technique. The introduction onto the market of ...

Anesthesia in Cardiac Surgery (Open-Closed Heart)

In this paper the duties of an anesthesiologist and his right of i=;electing patient is discussed. La,ter, we di:=:cuss the <::mergencies cf heart surgery, pre up visit and alsc few dcails of pre up medication cf thei,e pati<mts. We also touch on the stages of anesthPsia and point to our preference for the use cf artery and vein for arterial and venous cannulation. In this paper we discuss in b...

CALCULATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE USING A CLOSED SYSTEM MODEL

In this work we have used a closed system model to derive an analytical equation for the osmotic pressure of two component electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions. In order to do so, we have used an equation of state, known as the dense system equation of state (DSEOS), for the model system. Based on the model, a new definition is given for the osmotic pressure of a closed system. Good ag...

Closed circuit anesthesia: a practical alternative.